Murder, as one of the major crimes in all legal systems, also faces severe criminal penalties in Iranian criminal law. According to the Islamic Penal Code of Iran, according to Islamic teachings, the provision of retribution for a victim or his progeny, which requires their request and has a private aspect, was designated as the only response to the crime. Given the lack of demand or impossibility of retribution, the legislator responds to public opinion and expects the perpetrator to be punished for disrupting public order and security or for fear of embarrassing the perpetrator or others, as a general punishment. The punishment is gradual and supplemental in various laws. Despite the legislator's efforts to develop the public aspect of all murder cases, there are significant legal and judicial challenges in this area that require coherence in criminal policy and review of regulations. In addition to reviewing legal developments, this article discusses the legal and judicial challenges and proposes a review of criminal policy and regulatory reform.

Present-and past perfect paradigms are commonly thought of as having the perfect aspect. Examining the concept of tense and aspect along with their definitions, the present study argues that what is often referred to as the perfect aspect in Persian is essentially a temporal concept. Taking into consideration the reference-, event-, and speech points, the study shows that the reference point comes necessarily after the event point in the case of the present-and the past perfect as well as their variants. In other words, this indicates the continuing relevance of a previous situation. Since this concept does not entail the completeness of the event, referring to it as “, perfect”,would be inaccurate. For this reason, the present study proposes the term the anterior tense as a substitute for the perfect aspect. The authors emphasize the significance of the reference situation in determination of grammatical tenses by referring to the function of temporal adverbs and participles. Participles, as independent words, are present in the structures of deverbal adjectives, perfect verbs, passive verbs, complex predicates, and attributive expressions. In all these functions, the morpheme of “,-te/-de”,represents the anterior tense. Reexamining the previous approaches, the present study reveals that tense, in addition to representing the reference and speech situations in the form of the trichotomy of present/past/future, represents the reference and event situations as well. In other words, tense of a verb encompasses both the trichotomy of past/present/future and the dichotomy of anterior/non-anterior.

In description of the concept of identity and communications and their feed back toward city, what required an independent and comprehensive debate, is a following questionnaire of the physical aspect of city and identity, however, a question evokes that whether this is physical aspect of city following identity or identity following physical aspect? This paper pointing some definitions and concepts related to the concept of identity, probes into this fundamental question. In current study, analytic-descriptive research method is applied so as to find an answer for the question regarding "logical reasoning". Forwards and in a logical and deductive reasoning approach, it studies the presentational issue.Results of the current study indicate that identity of city is somewhat innate and internal affecting the physical aspect of city, and as a result, physical façade of those cities dependent on a specific culture and ideology become different from those of other cultures and structures. In fact it lies in a mutual relation that the physical aspect of city is shaped and then existing physical aspect causes continually and alterations and consequently sustainable changes in identity concepts and components of a state.

The inability to conceive children is experienced as a stressful situation by couples all around the world and infertility is a devastating experience, especially for women. Evidences indicate important QOL impairments in infertile women. Among men, it does not appear to be intense. Also little attention has been paid to the psychological status of infertile men from developing countries who have been traditionally stigmatized as feeble and ineffective. The consequences of infertility are manifold and can include societal repercussions and personal suffering. Health professionals need to consider all aspects of holistic care when caring for couple with fertility problems, Cultural; psychological, religious and spiritual dimensions of infertility have received little attention in our society. Advances in assisted reproductive technologies, such as IVF, can offer hope to many couples where treatment is available, although barriers exist in terms of medical coverage and affordability. The medicalization of infertility has unwillingly led to a disregard for the emotional responses that couples experience, which include distress, loss of control, stigmatization, and a disruption in the developmental trajectory of adulthood. Evidence is emerging of an association between stress of fertility treatment and patient drop-out and pregnancy rates.Fortunately, psychological interventions have been shown to have beneficial effects for infertility patients.